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spear tackle
A spear tackle is a tackle in rugby union, rugby league and Australian rules football in which a player lifts another player into the air and drops them such that they land on their back, head or neck.〔(RugbyRefs.com Tip Tackle Explained )〕 Spear tackles have caused serious injury〔(Perth boy charged over spear-tackle | SMH.com.au )〕 including spinal damage, dislocations〔(Yahoo! UK & Ireland Eurosport - Sport News | African Cup of Nations )〕 and broken bones in the shoulder or neck.
==Rugby union==
The term "spear tackle" as been in use since at least 1995.〔''The Irish Times'', Saturday 25 November 1995, page 17.〕 The International Rugby Board (IRB) has ruled that a dangerous tackle of this type, sometimes also called a 'tip tackle', should be punished with a straight red card. An IRB memorandum on dangerous tackles from 8 June 2009 states: "At a subsequent IRB High Performance Referee Seminar at Lensbury referees were advised that for these types of tackles they were to start at red card as a sanction and work backwards."〔(IRB memorandum, Dangerous Tackles, 8 June 2009 )〕
The IRB amended the law (Law 10.4(j)), in December 2010.〔http://www.irb.com/newsmedia/mediazone/pressrelease/newsid=2040903.html〕 In the previous version of the law, the tackled player's head or shoulders had to hit the ground first for a referee to penalise them. The revised law removes the possibility of a spearing tackle not being penalised if the tackled player breaks their fall with their arms.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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